- Part IV -

T A B L E   O F   C O N T E N T S

< iSurvived.org > . <HolocaustRemembrance.net> < ForgetYouNot.net >

. . ..   ..   Courtesy of The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies <holocaust-uddannelse.dk>     <holocaust-education.dk> The Holocaust was "the ultimate crime against humanity" Germany's Foreign Minister Joschka Fischer The Nazi Holocaust remains a stark and terrible warning of the depths to which humankind can descend...  The Archbishop of Canterbury, Dr George Carey . IV. An Introduction to Holocaust Studies, Anti-Semitism and Related Topics Willy Brandt's Silent Apology On December 7, 1970, while in Warsaw for a commemorative service honoring the participants of the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising, the German Chancellor Willy Brandt kneels in front of the Monument, in an apparent gesture of apology, repentance, and reconciliation. Photo Credit: <dw-world.de/dw/article/0,2144,2144598,00.html> German Chancellor, January 25, 2005. The Yellow Star: The Persecution of the Jews in Europe 1933-1945 . 1. Pre-Holocaust Studies  2. Holocaust Studies --Defining the Holocaust Origin of Holocaust Word --JewishGen's Databases --T4 Holocaust Jewish Resistance --Romaniania During Holocaust --Romani/Gypsy Holocaust --Gay Holocaust 3. The Ugly Face of Anti-Semitism The Anti-Semitic Poland --The New Anti-Semitism: Subtle and Coded 4. Vatican and the Holocaust --A Papal Apology Questioning the Protestant Church of Reconciliation at Dachau --Questioning the Silence of God 5. Other Victims and Intended Victims of the Nazi Era 6. Comprehensive List of Holocaust Study Sources 7. War Crimes and Holocaust Related Trials --Nuremberg Trials 8. Holocaust Denial on Trial 9. Post Holocaust Issues --The Sinister Face of "Neutrality" 10. Myths, Unfounded Stories, and Concocted Representations About the Holocaust "When you study the Holocaust, you are studying the highest level of organized hate in the history of mankind." John Conway, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus of History at the University of British Columbia, Canada, Director of the Association of Contemporary Church Historians   1. Pre-Holocaust Studies    The Israeli Coat of Arms features the Menorah, the candelabra used in the ancient Temple in Jerusalem. It, along with other Temple artifacts, was captured almost two millennia ago by the Romans during their siege of Jerusalem.    According to the historian Flavius Josephus, a Jew who lived at the time of the Romans, "Most of the spoils that were carried were heaped up indiscriminately, but more prominent than all the rest were those captured in the Temple at Jerusalem - a golden table weighing several hundred weight, and a lampstand similarly made of gold but differently constructed from those we normally use. The central shaft was fixed to a base, and from it extended slender branches placed like the prongs of a trident, and with the end of each one forged into a lamp: these numbered seven, signifying the honour paid to that number by the Jews." (Josephus, The Jewish War, G.A. Williamson, translator, Penguin, 1959.)    The Arch of Titus in Rome has on it a carving depicting the spoils of the Temple - including the Menorah - being carried triumphantly through Rome. The Menorah on the Arch of Titus, Rome, Italy. Courtesy of Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs      Special Jewish Historical Studies: Jewish Historian Flavius Josephus (37 CE - circa 100 CE ) whose works were more widely read in Europe than any book other than the Bible. They are an invaluable eye-witness to a momentous turning point in Judaism, Christianity, and Western civilization. Scholarly Study of the Works of Flavius Josephus The Works of Flavius Josephus (Translated by William Whiston) Seeds of Bitterness --Origins of the Nazi Party The Rise of Adolf Hitler from Unknown to the Dictator of Germany The Rise of Adolf Hitler How did Adolf Hitler rise from an aimless drifter and failed artist to become the most destructive politician of the 20th century? by U.K. Professor Jeremy Noakes Adolf Hitler's Syster, Paula From the German Encyclopedia: Germany, 1900-1945 First World War Weimar Republic Political Leaders Nazi Germany Resistance in Nazi Germany Second World War German Art Political Parties Foreign Policy Military Leaders Scientists in Nazi Germany The Holocaust THE COMING OF THE WAR AND EASTERN EUROPE IN WORLD WAR II How Bush's Grandfather Helped Hitler's Rise to Power Jews in German-speaking academia in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries A Study of the Anglo-Jewish History: The Great Synagogue of London Editor's Definition of Pogrom      2. Holocaust Studies   Why Study the Holocaust? United States Holocaust Memorial Museum The Holocaust Education Program Resource Guide "When you study the Holocaust, you are studying the highest level of organized hate in the history of mankind." John Conway, Ph.D.  Understanding the Holocaust leads to understanding hate. Studying the rise of the Nazis and their extermination of the Jews and other social undesirables is an exploration into how ordinary people can, through mass persuasion and social structural constraints, be led into committing genocide, the ultimate horror in human behavior. [Drs. Carol & Sam Edelman, California State University, Chico, USA] Jews Not Wanted Here Signs excluding Jews, such as the sign shown here, were posted in public places (including parks, theaters, movie houses, and restaurants) throughout Nazi Germany. From Yad Vashem: Basic Bibliography of the Holocaust From Simon Wiesenthal Center: The Holocaust, 1933-1945 T H E H O L O C A U S T Nazi Germany, 1933-1938 T H E H O L O C A U S T The Courage To Remember The Holocaust 1933-1945 Why The Jews? The Patterns of Persecution 1933: German Jewish Life Before The Nazis The "Jewish Question": Nazi Policy 1933-1939 The Nightmare Begins: Hitler And The Nazis Nazi Propaganda Slogans, Myths, and Images Nazi Policy: Racism and Terror Concentration Camps 1933-1938 In Flight: 1933-1938 1938: The Reich Expands Kristallnacht: The Night of Broken Glass Flight Without Escape: The Jewish Homeless The Deadly Philosophy: Racial Purity Moving Toward the "Final Solution", 1939-1941 All Necessary Preparations: 1933-1941 Eastern Europe: The Arena For Mass Murder Isolate and Destroy: The Jewish Question in Occupied Territory Days of Nightmare: The Lodz Ghetto The World Turned Upside Down: The Warsaw Ghetto Blitzkrieg: The Invasion and Occupation of The West No Escape: Greece and Yugoslavia Fall Whatever Can Be Saved: Daily Life In The Ghettos Annihilation in Nazi-occupied Europe, 1941-1945 The Final Solution Death By Design: The Invasion of The Soviet Union Einsatzgruppen: Mobile Killing Squads The Final Choice: Resistance Resistance and Revenge: The Warsaw Ghetto Revolt Mass Murder: 1942-1945 Theresienstadt: The "Model" Ghetto Like Dying Candles: Concentration Camp Routine The Enduring Spirit: Art of The Holocaust Auschwitz-Birkenau: The Death Factory Auschwitz-Birkenau: Half Hell, Half Lunatic Asylum The Last Agony at Auschwitz: Liberation, January 1945 A Righteous Few: Survival in Hiding and Rescue Liberation: The Unmasked Horror Liberation - Building New Lives Bitterness and Hope: The Legacy of The Holocaust Crimes Against Humanity: Nazis on Trial Where Now? Where to? The Displaced Revival: Building New Lives Remembrance and Vigilance 36 Questions About the Holocaust ~ From Simon Wiesenthal Learning Center ~ The Holocaust --A Guide for Teachers Holocaust Resources for Teachers Young Students Asks About Holocaust . Editor's Definition of the Holocaust Editor's Critical Assessment On the Current Mainstream Definitions and Usage of the Word 'Holocaust' Editor's Questions on the Origin of Terms Employed in the Romani Holocaust Studies with Answers by Texas University Professor, Dr. Ian Hancock Glossary of the Holocaust Another Glossary of the Holocaust The Holocaust: A Glossary of Terms A Holocaust Glossary A Glossary of Terms Associated with the Holocaust .Lexicon of the Holocaust The Language of the Camps An Investigative Study on the Etymology of the word "Holocaust" by John Petrie   The Secular Word "HOLOCAUST": Scholarly Sacralization, Twentieth Century Meanings by John Petrie Frequently Asked Question About the Holocaust [From The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum(USHMM)] Possible First Use of the term "Holocaust" to Describe the Nazis' Persecution and Genocide of the Jews What is Genocide? -- Origin of the Word The United States Definition of a Holocaust Survivor A Chronology of the Holocaust . JewishGen's Holocaust Databases A collection of databases containing information about Holocaust victims and survivors. It incorporates nearly 100 datasets which contain over one million entries. .   .From The Danish Center for Holocaust and Genocide Studies . . Why did the Nazis murder the Jews? The answer to this question is highly debated among historians. Some have stated that it had always been Hitler's plan to exterminate the Jews, while others have perceived the mass murders as a result of a long and curved process, where the Nazi Jewish policy was gradually radicalised. The Jews' presence in the German-occupied parts of Europe was seen as a problem and a great annoyance. At best, they were to disappear from the face of the earth, so that the Nazis could reach their goal: a Greater Germany free from Jews. Different solutions were tried: voluntary immigration, forced immigration, and several different plans for deportation. Plans surfaced to deport all the Jews to the east, first to eastern Poland, then to Siberia. Serious plans were also developed that included deporting all European Jews to the island of Madagascar, of the east coast of Africa. All these plans had to be dropped, however, because of the war. At the same time, the Nazis had gained experience with systematic mass murder in the form of the Euthanasia Programme, where physically and psychologically disabled were killed by the state. This constituted the crossing of an important psychological barrier. Another such barrier was crossed with the beginning of the Germans' incredibly cruel war of extermination against the Soviet Union, which commenced in June 1941. All usual conventions for warfare were dropped at the beginning of this 'the final battle against Judeo-Bolshevism'. The result of the frustrations with the unsuccessful deportation plans, of the experiences with the euthanasia actions, of the war with the Soviet Union, and not least of the wish to find the 'Final Solution to the Jewish Question' --all these elements lead to the systematic mass murder of approximately 6 million Jews. . . .<www.holocaust-education.dk/holocaust/hvadhvemhvor.asp>   .From The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum .   What is the Origin of the Word "Holocaust"? The word holocaust comes from the ancient Greek, olos meaning "whole" and kaustos or kautos meaning "burnt." Appearing as early as the fifth century B.C.E., the term can mean a sacrifice wholly consumed by fire or a great destruction of life, especially by fire. While the word holocaust, with a meaning of a burnt sacrificial offering, does not have a specifically religious connotation, it appeared widely in religious writings through the centuries, particularly for descriptions of "pagan" rituals involving burnt sacrifices. In secular writings, holocaust most commonly came to mean "a complete or wholesale destruction," a connotation particularly dominant from the late nineteenth century through the nuclear arms race of the mid-twentieth century. During this time, the word was applied to a variety of disastrous events ranging from pogroms against Jews in Russia, to the persecution and murder of Armenians by Turks during World War I, to the attack by Japan on Chinese cities, to large-scale fires where hundreds were killed. Early references to the Nazi murder of the Jews of Europe continued this usage. As early as 1941, writers occasionally employed the term holocaust with regard to the Nazi crimes against the Jews, but in these early cases, they did not ascribe exclusivity to the term. Instead of "the holocaust," writers referred to "a holocaust," one of many through the centuries. Even when employed by Jewish writers, the term was not reserved to a single horrific event but retained its broader meaning of large-scale destruction. For example: You are meeting at a time of great tragedy for our people. In our ... deep sense of mourning for those who have fallen ... we must steel our hearts to go on with our work ... that perhaps a better day will come for those who will survive this holocaust. (Chaim Weizmann, letter to Israel Goldstein, December 24, 1942) What sheer folly to attempt to rebuild any kind of Jewish life [in Europe] after the holocaust of the last twelve years! (Zachariah Shuster, Commentary, December 1945, p.10) By the late 1940s, however, a shift was underway. Holocaust (with either a lowercase or capital H) became a more specific term due to its use in Israeli translations of the word sho'ah. This Hebrew word had been used throughout Jewish history to refer to assaults upon Jews, but by the 1940s it was frequently being applied to the Nazis' murder of the Jews of Europe. (Yiddish-speaking Jews used the term churbn, a Yiddish translation of sho'ah.) The equation of holocaust with sho'ah was seen most prominently in the official English translation of the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948, in the translated publications of Yad Vashem throughout the 1950s, and in the journalistic coverage of the Adolf Eichmann trial in Israel in 1961. Such usage strongly influenced the adoption of holocaust as the primary English-language referent to the Nazi slaughter of European Jewry, but the word's connection to the "Final Solution" did not firmly take hold for another two decades. The April 1978 broadcast of the TV movie, Holocaust, based on Gerald Green's book of the same name, and the very prominent use of the term in [United States President] Jimmy Carter's creation of the President's Commission on the Holocaust later that same year, cemented its meaning in the English-speaking world. These events, coupled with the development and creation of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum through the 1980s and 1990s, established the term Holocaust (with a capital H) as the standard referent to the systematic annihilation of European Jewry by Germany's Nazi regime. . .<www.ushmm.org/research/library/faq/details.php?topic=01#02>   Nazi Propaganda: 1933-1945 Nazi Propaganda by Joseph Goebbels,1933-1945 The Racial Theories of the Nazis From the Night of the [Kristallnacht] Pogrom to the Final Solution: Experiences and Lessons by Gerhart M. Riegner On The "Sonderkommando" ("Special Commando") Sonderkommando Auschwitz   We did the dirty work of the Holocaust...   NOTE: In Google's automatic translation (from the original German to English) that is posted, the expression "special command" needs to be substituted with the word "Sonderkommando." The original German translation can also be accessed therein. Sonderkommando by Jacqueline Shields From Yad Vashem on the Sonderkommando While Nazi Germany proceeded to  systematically round up and execute Jews, the rest of the world closed its eyes and its doors.  by Rabbi Ken Spiro Einsatzgruppen (mobile killing units) in action Euthanasia --the 'Mercy Killing' of Disabled People in Germany Nazi Persecution of the Mentally and Physically Disabled Nazi Persecution of the Disabled: Murder of "The Unfit" Primary Documents: Nazi Extermination of People with Mental Disabilities Victims of the Holocaust with Disabilities T4 - Hitler's Murder Program Global Eugenics and the Psychiatric/Eugenic Holocaust by Robert Meinsma The Cost-Effectiveness of Killing: An Overview of Nazi "Euthanasia" by John E. Gardella, MD History of Deaf Holocaust Victims by Sharon Ann Soudakoff Deaf People in Hitler's Europe The Holocaust and the Sterilization of "Abnormal" People The Deaf Holocaust: Deaf People and the Nazi Germany Hitler's Unwanted Children In der Nacht An unusual exhibit depicts the Nazi persecution of deaf people Children and the Holocaust Children of the Holocaust Era The Holocaust Revisited: A Retrospective Analysis of the Auschwitz-Birkenau Extermination Complex             (with Aerial Reconnaissance Imageries) Studies on the Holocaust: The Assault on Humanity From Prejudice & Ideology to Murder, Genocide & Shoah Lectures by Edith Shaked, Pima Community College, Tucson, Arizona, USA. The Evolution of Tattooing in the Auschwitz Concentration Camp Complex The Wannsee List  . Jewish underground fighters who fell into German hands during the suppression of the Warsaw Ghetto uprising. . Jewish Civilians Rounded up in the Warsaw Ghetto. Of all the occupied countries, the percentage of Jews saved in Poland was the smallest, since the predominant attitude was hostile, while rescue was an exception to the rule. [Isaiah Trunk] Slovakia was the only country that paid Nazi Germany to deport its Jews. WHY 80 percent of the Italian Jews survive the Holocaust while 80 percent of the Jewish population in other parts of Europe perish? The S.S. St. Louis after 60 Years The Dachau Gas Chambers by Harry W. Mazal OBE An Essay on the Dachau Gas Chambers (with First Hand Documentation) A Question on the Usage of the Dachau Gas Chambers A Pictorial of the Dachau Gas Chambers J E W I S H R E S I S T A N C E   The Jewish Resistance During the Holocaust Resistance in the Camps